四川銅幣
四川銅幣是晚清和北洋時期四川省地方政權鑄造的貨幣。由于川省銀銅礦缺乏,加之辛亥革命以后軍閥割據,致使中央政府《幣制條例》關于銅幣之原料比例、銅幣面額的規定沒有嚴格遵守,四川銅幣發行量十分巨大,致使物價虛高、影響經濟發展。四川銅幣,自光緒二十九年(1903年)六月開鑄,至民國二十四年(1935年)十一月法幣開始流通才逐漸退出流通領域 。
Sichuan copper coin is the currency of Sichuan local government in the late Qing Dynasty and Beiyang Period. Due to the lack of silver and copper mines in Sichuan Province and the separatist regime of warlords after the revolution of 1911, the central government's regulations on the proportion of raw materials and denomination of copper coins were not strictly observed. The circulation of copper coins in Sichuan was very large, resulting in high prices and affecting economic development. Sichuan copper coins were first issued in June 1903 in the 29th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu (1903) and then began to circulate in November of the 24th year of the Republic of China (1935).
清光緒二十六年(1900年),兩廣總督李鴻章奏準在廣東開鑄圓形無孔銅幣(銅元)。次年,清政府諭令沿江沿海各省準許仿造 。光緒二十七年,四川省在成都設四川銅元局,于二十九年六月開工鑄造當五 、當十文面額 銅幣,七月增鑄當二十文銅幣。
In 1900, Li Hongzhang, the governor of Guangdong and Guangdong provinces, issued a circular copper coin without a hole in Guangdong Province. The following year, the Qing government ordered the provinces along the river and coastal areas to permit imitation. In the 27th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, Sichuan Province set up a Sichuan copper yuan Bureau in Chengdu. In June of the 29th year, the copper coins with the denominations of Dang Wu Wen and Dang Shi Wen were started to be minted, and the copper coins of Dang 20 Wen were added in July.
光緒三十四年,戶部通令各省暫停鑄造銅幣,四川總督趙爾豐請免停,獲準續鑄。宣統元年,度支部下令撤并各省銀銅廠局,趙爾豐再次請求續鑄獲準。四川遂成為宣統年間少數可續鑄大清銅幣的省份。
In the 34th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu, the Ministry of Hu ordered all provinces to suspend the casting of copper coins. Zhao Erfeng, governor of Sichuan Province, asked not to stop and was allowed to continue to cast copper coins. In the first year of Xuantong, Du branch ordered to withdraw and merge the silver and copper factories in all provinces, and Zhao Erfeng once again asked for permission to continue casting. Therefore, Sichuan became one of the few provinces that could continue to cast copper coins of Qing Dynasty in Xuantong period.
辛亥革命以后,四川大漢軍政府于1912年4月廢止大清銅幣模板,改鑄"漢"字銅元,有當10文、20文、50文三種面額。1913年,增鑄當100文、200文的銅幣。1913年5月,重慶銅元局建成開工,均仿成都廠模式。
After the revolution of 1911, the military government of Sichuan Han Dynasty abolished the copper coin template of Qing Dynasty in April 1912, and changed it into "Han" copper yuan, which has three denominations of 10 Wen, 20 Wen and 50 Wen. In 1913, 100 Wen and 200 Wen copper coins were added. In May 1913, Chongqing Tongyuan Bureau was completed and started to operate, all imitating the Chengdu factory model.
進入北洋時代以后,軍閥割據、時局動蕩,銅價高昂,于是四川鑄幣廠采取降等減重、加大面值的方法謀取私利。民間除老一百文、老兩百文銅幣色澤稍紫外,其余呈黃白色,質地劣于大清銅幣。1914年起,專鑄當100文、當200文銅元。各軍閥紛紛效尤,鑄造的銅幣達數億枚,四川幣制混亂不堪。
After entering the Northern Warlords era, the current situation was turbulent, and the copper price was high. Therefore, Sichuan Mint took the method of lowering the grade and weight and increasing the face value to seek private interests. Except for the copper coins of old Baiwen and laobaiwen, the others are yellowish white and inferior to those of the Qing Dynasty. Since 1914, it has been specially cast for 100 Wen and 200 Wen. The warlords followed suit, casting hundreds of millions of copper coins, and the currency system of Sichuan was in a mess.
1935年,國民政府在四川推行法幣,四川銅幣遂逐漸退出流通市場。四川銅幣本是輔助貨幣,用于零星交易,但當一百文、當二百文的銅幣大行其道,已不適合于社會生活之情形,賣者無較低面值貨幣找回,乃給予其他貨物,竟退回物物交換的時代。且"劣幣驅逐良幣",當50文、20文、10文的銅幣早已絕跡于川省,或者流出省外 。銀價、物價飛漲,嚴重影響中下層人民生活,例如1934年宜賓市面銀價漲至每元二十五六串 。
In 1935, the national government carried out legal currency in Sichuan, and Sichuan copper coins gradually withdrew from the circulation market. Sichuan copper coins were originally auxiliary currency, which were used for sporadic transactions. However, when 100 Wen and 200 Wen copper coins became popular, they were no longer suitable for the situation of social life. The seller did not get back the currency with lower face value, but gave other goods and returned them to barter. And "bad money drives out good money", when 50 Wen, 20 Wen, 10 Wen copper coins have already disappeared in Sichuan Province, or out of the province. Silver prices and prices soared, seriously affecting the lives of the middle and lower classes. For example, in 1934, the price of silver in Yibin rose to 256 per yuan.
停鑄大面值四川銅幣的聲音一直都有,整理川省幣制的文章也常見于報載。例如1915年《成都造幣分廠詳請停鑄當五十銅幣以防流弊》一文中直指"廠中鑄本虧折太甚,又不得不多鑄當五十銅元,以資接濟,明知多鑄銅元為飲鴆止渴之謀,而維持現狀,實一時權宜之計" 。1925年《四川銅幣之整理問題》一文中作者提出鑄造新銅幣、銷毀舊銅幣、限制流通額、發行銅元票、監管銅元局五條建議 。1925年四川公民駱身齋等通電請求政府停鑄大額銅幣 。
The voice of stopping to cast large denominations of Sichuan copper coins has always been heard, and articles sorting out Sichuan currency system are also common in newspapers. For example, in 1915, Chengdu minting branch asked to stop casting Dang 50 copper coins in order to prevent malpractice, which pointed out that "the company had to cast more than 50 copper yuan because of the loss of capital, and knew that it was a strategy of drinking poison to quench thirst, and to maintain the status quo, which was the right plan for the moment.". In 1925, the author put forward five suggestions: casting new copper coins, destroying old copper coins, limiting the circulation amount, issuing copper dollar bills, and supervising the copper yuan Bureau. In 1925, Luo shenzhai, a citizen of Sichuan Province, called on the government to stop casting large amounts of copper coins.
國民政府于1930年代后期開始整理四川金融秩序,推行法幣,此舉遭到地方利益集團的阻礙,他們囤積銅幣致使市面銅幣頓感缺乏、法幣兌換價值忽告跌落,對此國民政府出臺專門政策保護法幣的推行 。
In the late 1930's, the national government began to reorganize the financial order in Sichuan and promote fiat money, which was hindered by local interest groups. They hoarded copper coins, which led to a sudden lack of copper coins in the market, and the exchange value of French currency suddenly fell. Therefore, the national government issued special policies to protect the implementation of fiat money.
此枚四川銅幣是蔣女士收藏的珍品,該枚錢幣材質為銅,錢幣正面咸豐重寶直讀,背面當十,穿廓異常規整,穿口修直,邊緣寬擴;文字極為端美,楷書體書意典范,字口清晰,字韻盈溢;錢體渾厚沉穩,包漿濃郁自然。錢文精美,字口深峻,每個字的筆畫都非常清晰,絕無粘連模糊,而且筆畫比同版本的流通錢要細瘦,從細部看還保有手工鏤刻的痕跡。此枚古錢銅制精良,鑄造工藝也非常精美,形制規整,十分精致美觀。
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